Prototype

Prototype for Instructional Technology Paper

Mathematic Form 2
Chapter 7 : Geometrical Construction
Exercise Module

27 SEPTEMBER 2014 – TYPES OF RESEARCH

What is research? Research is a systematic search for information in order to obtain a clear picture concerning the underlying problem.

There are a few type of research :

1.    Applied research (Action research)

Applied research is carried out for the purpose of solving an existing problem.

2.    Basic research (Pure research)

Basic research is carried out to generate a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved.

3.    Historical research

Historical research related previous research to the current research.

4.    Descriptive research (ethnography research)

Descriptive research isused to describe characteristics of an existing phenomenon.

5.    Experimental research

Experimental research is used to obtain evidence of cause and effect relationship.

6.    Correlational research

Correlational research is used to measure the strength of the relationship between two variables.

High-quality research is characterized by many characteristic and certain characteristic tend to be related. Among the characteristic are:

1.    It is based on the work of previous researchers in the area.

2.    It can be replicated.

3.    It is doable.

4.    It is based on some logical rationale and tied to the theory.

5.    It can be undertaken for the betterment of society.

18 OCTOBER 2014 – LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review is a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from previous researchers in the area related to the problem at hand.

Before starting to write your literature, you should assume the likes of questions that will come from your audience soon after reading your literature. For example, ask yourself question like these before write your literature:

1.    What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that may literature review helps to define?

2.    What type of literature review am I conducting?

3.    What is the scope of my literature review?

4.    Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?

Purpose of doing literature review:

1.    As a basis to support the development of current research.

2.    To enable researcher to understand and define the underlying problem precisely.

3.    To guide the researcher in selecting the variable for the study and provide the rationale for selecting these variables.

4.    To help researcher in developing theoretical framework for the study, research question and research hypothesis.

5.    To share with the reader the finding of the previous studies that relate closely to the current study.

Steps in conducting literature review:

1.    Identify the relevant sources for literature in the area of interest.

2.    Obtain and read all literatures which is relevant with the study.

Write up the literature based on the information obtained

1 SEPTEMBER 2014 – RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design serves as a master plan of the methods and procedures for the researcher to collect and analyse the data required by the researcher. Determining the most suitable research design is a function of research objectives and the specific requirements of the research. In this master plan, the researcher must consider the type of data required, the design technique (survey, observation, experiment, and case study), the sampling methodology and procedures, the schedule and the budget.

Different research may require different types of research design. The common type of research design is:

Ø  Qualitative research

Ø  Quantitative research

Ø  Sampling tools

 

Qualitative Research:

Qualitative Researchon the other hand generates non-numerical data. The primary aim of a qualitative research is to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic. It is usually more exploratory in nature. Qualitative research are individual interviews, structured and non-structured interviews, documentary analysis and archival research.

 

Quantitative Research:

Quantitative Research generates numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers. It is on the other hand focuses more in counting and classifying features and constructing statistical models and figures to explain what is observed. It makes use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys, measurements and other equipment to collect numerical or measurable data.

19 SEPTEMBER 2014 – DATA ANALYSIS

After data entry has been completed, the researcher needs to carry out data analysis in
order to achieve his research objectives, research questions, research hypotheses.
Steps in Data Analysis process:

Firstly, we have to perform data mining for all measuring items in the study. Secondly, we
have to perform the descriptive analysis for important demographic variables to verify that
respondents are represented across their demographic characteristics. Thirdly, we have to
run the required analysis to address his research questions. Finally, we have to perform the
statistical analysis in order to test the stated hypotheses concerning the study.

Step 1: Data Mining Procedure

This step is necessary in order to screen the data from outliers. This is an important
procedure to ensure that the data collected is normally distributed.

Step 2: Descriptive Analysis for Demographic Variable

In the descriptive analysis, the researcher wants to assess the distribution of data across
some demographic characteristics of respondents.

Step 3: Running Data Reduction Procedure: The Exploratory Factor Analysis

In the factor analysis procedure, items which poses similar characteristic will be group
together under one component. When we use too many items to measure a variable, we
have to reduce them into a manageable number before further analysis can be carried out.

Step 4: Parametric Statistical Analysis

i. Testing the hypothesis for mean differences between two groups: The test that will
used is the independent two-sample t-test
ii. Testing hypothesis for mean differences for more than two groups: The test that will
used is the one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)
iii. Testing the inter-relationship among variables in the study: The test that will used is
the structural equation modelling(SEM)

18 OCTOBER 2014 – LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review is a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from
previous researchers in the area related to the problem at hand.

Before starting to write your literature, you should assume the likes of questions that will
come from your audience soon after reading your literature. For example ask yourself
question like these before write a literature:

1. What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that may literature

2. What type of literature review am I conducting?

3. What is the scope of my literature review?

4. Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?

Purpose of doing literature review:

1. As a basis to support the development of current research.

2. To enable researcher to understand and define the underlying problem

3. To guide the researcher in selecting the variable for the study and provide the

4. To help researcher in developing theoretical framework for the study, research

5. To share with the reader the finding of the previous studies that relate closely review helps to  
    define?

•     precisely.
•     rationale for selecting these variables.
•     question and research hypothesis.

     to the current study.

Steps in conducting literature review:

1. Identify the relevant sources for literature in the area of interest.

2. Obtain and read all literatures which is relevant with the study.

3. Write up the literature based on the information obtained.

27 SEPTEMBER 2014 – TYPES OF RESEARCH

What is research?
Research is a systematic search for information in order to obtain a clear picture concerning the underlying problem.

There are a few type of research :

1. Applied research (Action research)
Applied research is carried out for the purpose of solving an existing problem.

2. Basic research (Pure research)
Basic research is carried out to generate a body of knowledge by trying to
comprehend how certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved.

3. Historical research
Historical research related previous research to the current research.

4. Descriptive research (ethnography research)
Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of an existing phenomenon.

5. Experimental research
Experimental research is used to obtain evidence of cause and effect relationship.

6. Correlational research
Correlational research is used to measure the strength of the relationship between
two variables.

High-quality research is characterized by many characteristic and certain characteristic tend
to be related. Among the characteristic are:

1. It is based on the work of previous researchers in the area.
2. It can be replicated.
3. It is doable.
4. It is based on some logical rationale and tied to the theory.
5. It can be undertaken for the betterment of society.